1) (a)
(b and c) Read the rest of this entry ?

In this article, I will talk about some of my favorite substitutions for integration, which I will named them as the “Koop subs”. They are particularly useful in mathematics competitions such as the Putnam competition.
Example 1) Compute the integral: Read the rest of this entry ?

1(a) Expanding along the last row, we have:
Therefore, is a cubic in
with leading coefficient
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Prove by contradiction or otherwise, show that is not a polynomial with real coefficients.